Environtmental Science

CHAPTER I Introduction
A. Background Issues
Advancement of science and technology man has a lot to bring their welfare. But it seems well-being is achieved not without risk to the threat of their existence as living organisms. Industrial products will be coupled with a byproduct that can damage the environmental quality of human life besides the product itself because it is misused is not uncommon to take losses or casualties behind the day. Negative impact of the progress of science and technology can not be separated with a human perspective on the needs and desires. Although the forms of human desire is not equal to each other, but can be broadly stated that the nature of that desire is not limited. This is very different needs, because of the nature and shape of the needs of these people will be objective. When viewed that the purpose of man is able to survive in this world, then as the principles of the necessities of life in all organisms, human needs are there is a limit and do not need too much good about housing, vehicles, food and more.
Negative impacts caused by the rapid advancement of science and technology is the presence of pollution. Pollution may include pollution of soil, water, air which is still faced by any human being dibelahan world. As a result of this pollution was not only caused material damage but also non-material losses that make the disruption of human life. On this basis we must feel as human beings are in a system, namely the ecological system in general, so with that we are able to appreciate the balance of nature no matter how small it is.




B. Problem formulation
1. What is pollution?
2. What are the different types and sources of pollution?
3. What is the impact of pollution to human life?
4. How do I cope with the impact of hazards from pollution?
C. Purpose
1. Understanding the meaning of pollution.
2. Knowing the type and source of pollution.
3. Knowing the impact of pollution to human life.
4. Knowing how to cope with the impact of pollution hazards.
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Pollution
Referring to the paper environtmental science is the pollution is as follows, Pollution is reduction in the quality of the environtment by the introduction of impurities. (Jonathan Turk, et al). So what is meant by pollution are declining environmental quality because the going gets dirty. What is meant here is like dirty smoke that pollute the air, droppings pollute the water, and junk cars that pollute the soil, and so forth.
According to Fuad Amsyari (1986: 50) pollution will occur if the human environment (both physical environment, biological, and social environment) there is an ingredient in such a large concentration, generated by the activities of human life itself, which is ultimately detrimental to human existence as well . From the definition of pollution is not only the biophysical environment preformance thing alone but also on human social environment of human behavior that is intended is itself immaterial where human behavior can be categorized as a pollutant, as long as the behavior that led to the destruction of human existence.
Of the two definitions of the above authors can conclude that what is meant by pollution is decreasing the ability of the environment that can threaten human existence that can be derived from the biophysical environment and human behavior itself.
B. This type of pollution or contamination
By type contamination or pollution can be divided into four namely:
1. Air Pollution
According to Wikipedia the air pollution is the presence of one or more physical substance, chemical, or biological in the atmosphere in the amount that could endanger human health, animals, and plants, interfere with the aesthetics and comfort, or property damage. Air pollutants can be gaseous and particulate matter can come from industry, waste incineration, smoke emission motor vehicles and so forth. An example is the Gas H2S, CO and CO2 gas, SO2 particles.
2. Water Pollution
Water pollution is reducing the ability of water because the water situation becomes dirty. Water pollution can be caused by several types of pollutants that disposal of industrial waste, residual insecticides, and disposal of domestic waste, for example, residual detergent pollute water, organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in the water causes the o2reduced so that disrupt the activity of living organisms in the water.
3. Soil contamination.
Soil contamination is reduced ability of soil to absorb the nutrients needed by living things that use it. Soil pollution caused by some types of pollution that is waste crushed hard plastic, bottles, synthetic rubber, broken glass, and cans, detergents which are non bio degradable (naturally difficult to be degraded), chemicals from agricultural waste, such as insecticides.
4. Noise pollution
Noise pollution is the berkurangya the ability of the human environment, especially related to communication as akaibat of environmental noise itself. Noise pollution caused by the noise of motor vehicles, aircraft, engines roar of the factory, radio / tape recorder, which reads loud that it interferes with hearing.
C. Pollution impacts for human life.
According Gunarwan Suratmo (2007: 103) the impact of a development project from the environment can be divided into five groups as follows:
1.Dampak noise.
2.Dampak air quality
3.Dampak on water quality and quantity
4.Dampak on climate or weather.
5.Dampak on the ground.
Let's look at five such effects in more detail.
a. Impact noise
The impact on noise or impact on the level kebisibgan that occurred in the building project or the area around the project have a significant impact on public health, comfort of life, in the cattle, wildlife or interference with natural ecosystems. Impact on the noise usually occurs at the time the project is being built as well as already running. Result of the presence of noise on humans can be divided into changes in auditory acuity, interrupt the conversation, and interfere with comfort.




b. The impact on air quality

            Air pollution can be defined as the presence of one or more pollutants into the open air atmosphere, which can form as dust, mist, odor, smoke, or moisture which characterized the form number, nature, and duration. This pollution can impair human health, plants and animals, or on objects, can also interfere with the eyes, the comfort of human life and the use of objects. Significant influence of air pollution on humans is in aspects of health, comfort, safety, aesthetics, and economy. Hazards to health can be caused by air that has been contaminated. For example the influence of carbon monoxide from vehicles in the city. There have been many well documented presence of an acute disease to the deaths caused by polluted air.

            Convenience is reduced or lost from humans can be caused by the irritation of the eyes due to photochemical aksidan or irritation may also occur that cause difficulty in breathing due to a variety of pollutants.

            Safety can be compromised by the presence of air pollution because the eye is disturbed, it causes traffic keselamata air, water, and land.

            Economic disruption can occur due to reduced agricultural crop production is usually affected by sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and others. Animal health will be disturbed due to fluorine. The objects will be damaged and cluttered kaerna various air pollutants. Usually heavily influenced corrosion of sulfur oxides, rock erosion due to acid mist and so on.

            Aesthetics can be disrupted because of air pollutants that will be able to interfere with the brightness of the atmosphere. For example smoke and bad odors that can be caused by ammonia and sulfur.
c. The impact on water quality and quantity

            Water is a very important human need, so it must be maintained. Changes in the quality and quantity of water can occur due to the disposal of organic and in organic materials into water, soluble in water or not and changes in power flow and the water cycle in nature.

            In December W. Connell (1995) mentioned at the time of organic material discharged into a stream, there was a series of changes. The content of dissolved oxygen in water decreases because of increase in microbial respiration, and filling occurs by the solution of atmospheric oxygen in the air-water boundary. This produces an avalanche oksige dissolved. Pollution levels rise and fall in relation to the decrease in dissolved oxygen and subsequent rise.

            Usually the effects of this pollution results in salt, dissolved salts, oxygen terlaryut, purity of water, a lot of harmful bacteria and can also cause flooding.
d. Impact on climate or weather

            With a lot of industrial pollution such as factory smoke, exhaust and so on can make a layer of carbon dioxide diatmosfer thicken resulting solar radiation is absorbed by the earth can no longer reflected into space as a result the green house effect will occur that causes the Earth's global temperature up so that the climate is uncertain as we face now that the rainy season is relentless.




e. Impact on soil

            With respect to the impact of pollution on land that became the first object is the natural vegetation in which elements are contained, there is also waste absorbed by the vegetation had a lead can harm the life cycle of the vegetation and ecology is given the central production plant that is sebgai orgaanisme manufacturer to next. This means if the vegetation contaminated mahkhluk life then all the others will also feel the impact in either period resulting sooner or later endanger its existence.
According to Fuad Amsyari (1977) subsidized energy carried by humans into artificial environments grow old to grow complex. In the world of agriculture, they began with the manure, up to ZA, all kinds of phosphate fertilizer and so develop in accordance with the land garapannya. Besides manure to fertilize their farms, then there are also new problems in world agriculture ie crop pests. Pests of rice crops from pests such as birds began arriving, Walang, until now felt difficult to overcome, namely pests aphis. Against this pest would not want humans also have to eliminate them in order to maintain rice production in order to their daily lives. Then developed a new form of energy subsidy ie disinfectant drugs, ranging from DDT to poison pests such as melathion into atoms and so on. Energy subsidies that brought people to the artificial environment is having another series. For example in the earlier example of artificial fertilizers. Fertilizer is not just located in the human world, so people still need to be made. Make it require fertilizer plant, one example of modern fertilizer plant is ZA fertilizer factory in Gresik district known as the petrochemical industry. It turns out that is called with the fertilizer plant is not just a result of fertilizer alone, but in the plant there is also the processing of raw materials into fertilizer, which is in the process forced the factory smoke released (as a result of combustion) and plant waste material (manure factory / waste products). At one point the smoke either plant or plant waste contains a concentration of such substances in such a way that leads to a "disease" or health problems around the factory. For example once an outbreak of eye disease by the end of 1975 around petrochemical plants, allegedly because the residents could not stand (allergic) to any of the materials from the factory smoke. Similarly, a waste material from a factory seasoning (used mothers flavor flavors food) in mid-1975 has affected a river in the Municipality Surabaya resulting in the loss of not a few of the humans around it because the fish are dying and sources of drinking water (tap water) becomes turbid and smelly. Bad consequences that can also be mentioned in the material produced by comparing its own, as a fertilizer such as energy subsidies are intended to fertilize farmland, could be a time consumed by humans, resulting in their deaths. Or the last fertilizer with a high concentration of water absorbed by the soil flowing river of drinking water by residents, can also be negative for human berpengaru.
D. Tackling the impact of pollution hazards

           With the pollution or contamination that has been presented earlier are not denying that people want to restore your natural ability to be able to resume its natural cycle that is implicitly desires that humans still exist. Therefore, to menanggulani negative impact of an Environmental pollution caused by human activity can be reached by various means including:
1. Greening the industrial city.

   For example, by making artificial forests which aim to neutralize some of the particular natural gas, making gardens for the houses, making a green lane in certain areas of the city. and so forth.
2. Controlling the density of motor vehicle traffic in big cities.

     System fines for private car users are less efficient (one car only for one passenger) and one-lane system will help reduce smog pollution by motor vehicles.
3. Attempts to always think about the recycling process.

      In everyday life we ​​have to think about whether substances of human waste as well as from the factory that is inappropriate for a place to address this pollution problem. As the business of making compost from human waste plant are forms of thought towards this recycling process.
4. Pollution of river water by chemicals that are toxic, especially the river is the river that are vital to a particular area, say residents as a source of drinking water in urban or water source for industries in the river drainage area, then obviously the losses will suffer enormous material and immaterial well as morbidity, mortality and so on. In general, his efforts include: finding the source of toxic materials, suspend or restrain the entry of these toxic chemicals into the river tercmar, treatment member to the river being polluted as neutralization action, providing counseling to the community will be polluted river water.




5. To the social pollution.

      Pollution is a manifestation could be unhygienic living habits to a complex form of behavior that is detrimental to the efforts of public health education is more intensive as well as moral and religious moral nation that benefit the mental development should be given higher priority.


CHAPTER III CONCLUSION
Pollution is the reduced ability of the environment that can threaten human existence that can be derived from the biophysical environment and human behavior.
This type of pollution can be divided into three soil pollution, water, air and noise pollution while the sources may come from agriculture, industry, construction, living habits and so forth.
The impact caused by the presence of contamination can be diseases like allergies, deafness, poisoning, climate change, death and so forth.
How to cope with these impacts include Greening the industrial city, Control of motor vehicle traffic density in cities, efforts to always think about the recycling process, Finding the source of toxic materials, suspend or restrain the entry of these toxic chemicals into the river tercmar, member treatment the river is being polluted as neutralization action, providing counseling to the community will be polluted river water, education efforts for more intensive public health and morals of religion and morality are favorable mental development should be given higher priority.
Bibliography
Amsyari, Fuad. 1986. Environmental Pollution Problems. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia
Anonym. 2009. http://gurungeblog.wordpress.com/2009/01/13/polusi-atau-pencemaran-lingkungan/ accessed at 21:48 pm on 19 mi 2011
Conell, Des W & Miller, Gregory J., 1995. Chemical Pollution and Ecotoxicology. Jakarta: UI-Press
Suratmo, Gunarwan. 2007. Environmental Impact Assessment. Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press
Turk, Jonathan, et al. Environtmental Science (third edition). USA: Saunders College Publishing
Wikipedia. 2011. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_udara accessed at 21:21 pm on 19 mi 2011